tourist places near by thirunelli temple

Places to Visit in Thirunelli | Thirunelli Tourism

Set in the pristine backgrounds of the Brahmagiri hills, Thirunelli welcomes you with the scenic beauty, chattering streams of Papanasini and the calm and soothing ambiance of the Vishnu temple near the Papanasini.

Thirunelli is most famous for the 3000 year old temple devoted to Vishnu. It is believed that Lord Brahma, the creator himself installed the idol of the presiding deity in the temple. The Brahmagiri Range appearing behind the temple make a spectacular background for the temple.

Thirunelli is known as Thekkan Kasi or Kashi of the South. The scenic beauty of the place made it the most visited attraction among the pilgrim centres.

Places to Visit in Thirunelli

1. thirunelli temple.

Thirunelli temple located in the Brahmagiri Hills in Northern Wayanad was once a well known trade centre. Today it is a famous pilgrim centre. There are mention about this temple in many historical records dating centuries back and also there are many archaeological sites around the temple.

The temple with the brahmagiri hills looming behind is a major pilgrim centre . The shrine of Vishnu with its rough unpolished architecture is shielded by 30 granite columns and faces east. The evidence that has been found recently suggests that there were two main villages near the Thirunelli Temple.

Excavations have found coins that date back to the 9th and 10th century. This indicates the importance of this temple in the history of Kerala . Towards the southern side of the Thirunelli temple is the temple pond called Panchatheertha.

Many carvings and sculptures can be seen near this holy pond. Papanasini, a small stream that is located around 1 km from the temple complex is another attraction. As a dip at this stream is reputed to be able to cleanse the body of all impurities. Vishu the new year of Kerala is celebrated in Thirunelli with great splendour.

2. Panchatheertha

The Panchatheertha Tank on the southern side of the temple was a pond earlier days. It was in this pond the water from five rivers used to meet, hence came the name.

During summer the water dries up. There is a mound at the centre reachable by a stone bridge. The mound has a stone slab imprinted with Vishnu’s feet called Vishnupad. A path through the forest leads to Papanasini.

3. Papanasini

Papanasini is also called as the destroyer of sins. Story of Papanasini is linked to Churning of the Ocean episode. Vishnu granted the power of the Papanasini river to wash away all sins as a boon to Lord Brahma, after Lord Brahma installed an idol of Vishnu at Thirunelli temple. Pilgrims travel to Papanasini river to free themselves from all the sins.

4. Pakshipathalam

Pakshipathalam, 1740 meter above sea level in the Brahmagiri hills is a challenging spot for any adventure seekers. Pakshipathalam or ‘Birds in the Nether Region’ is a natural rock cave at the northern end of the Brahmagiri Hills.

The deep rock caves, formed among the thick rocks at the northern top end of the Brahmagiri houses various birds and wild beasts. Pakshipathalam is close to Kuruva Island, a 950 acres of evergreen forest on the tributaries of river Kabini.

The trek to Pakshipathalam is thrilling. Pakshipathalam lies in the Brahmagiri hills in Kerala Karnataka border. On Karnataka range Pakshipathalam is also known by the name Munikal Caves. There is a watchtower that offers a good view of the birds.

5. Tholpetty Wildlife Sanctuary

Tholpetty Sanctuary extends as one adjoining arc to Muthanga and together both constitute the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary. There is a total of 900 elephants in the park. Tholpetty Sanctuary is 13 km from Thirunelli on the Thirunelli - Kodagu road.

Around Thirunelli

On the way from Thirunelli to Mananthavady is the beautiful Thrissilery Temple a temple dedicated to Lord Siva. An interesting mythology is related to this temple. There is also a temple complex in here.

Where to Stay in Thirunelli

There are some best hotels and resorts in the upper Wayanad region. You can stay in any of these hotels which are closer to Thirunelli. There are budget and luxury hotels. You can choose any of these as per your budget.

Some of the best staying options include Pachyderm Palace, Tamarind Easy Hotel from KTDC, Panchatheertha Rest House and Manasa Saras Elite Tourist Home.

Places to Eat in Thirunelli

In Thirunelli there are two eating joints both of which are strictly vegetarian. They are Vishnu Padam and Nambisan. For Non veg meals there are Asbe Restaurant and Hotel Meriya where you will get fish, chicken and mutton. The rice inhere is mostly Red rice.

Best time to visit Thirunelli

The weather is pleasant throughout the year at Thirunelli. However. it is best to visit the town during the winter season that is from the month of December to February. During this period, the maximum temperature is mostly below or up to 25°C and the minimum temperature is generally around 18°C.

Reaching Thirunelli

Thirunelli by air:.

The nearest airport is at Kozhikode which is around 80 km from Thirunelli. One can hire taxi cabs from Kozhikode to Thirunelli.

Thirunelli By Train:

The nearest railway station is Kozhikode. Tourists can hire taxis from here to the destination. The station is connected to many cities of the country.

Thirunelli By Bus:

Tourist will have frequent and regular bus services between places like Mysore and Kozhikode to Wayanad District.

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Thirunelli Temple

If you have an eye for ancient temple architecture or scenic spots in general, Thirunelli temple, dedicated to Lord Vishnu, is worth the trip.

Surrounded by beautiful hills and forests on all sides, it is located beside the Brahmagiri Hills, 32 km from Mananthavady. Also known as Sahyamala Kshetram and Kashi of the South, Thirunelli temple is also where the trinity – Brahma, Vishnu and Siva, are present. Folklore says that Lord Brahma installed the idol of Lord Vishnu at the spot. The latter blessed that the stream Papanasini surrounding the temple would wash away the sins of worshippers who came to offer prayers.

The Thirunelli temple derived its name from ‘nelli’, the Malayalam word for gooseberry, also known as amla. The stream is considered sacred by worshippers who come to perform rituals for their ancestors. The Gunnika cave there is dedicated to Lord Siva. The panchatheertham or sacred pond, is located near Papanasini. It is believed that five streams meet at this point. Lord Vishnu’s footprint is believed to be visible here.

How to Reach

By Road Mananthavady Bus Stand, about 26 km Book Now Route Map

By Rail Kozhikode Railway Station, about 119 km Book Now Route Map

Office Number + 91 493 521 0201 +91 85473 36201

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Thirunelli Temple Wayanad

Thirunelli Temple, also known as Thirunelli Maha Vishnu Temple, is a famous ancient Hindu temple located in the Wayanad district of Kerala, India.

Here's some information about Thirunelli Temple:

Location: Thirunelli Temple is situated in a serene and picturesque location amidst the Brahmagiri hills and dense forests. It is located near the village of Thirunelli, which is approximately 29 kilometers from Mananthavady and about 96 kilometers from Kalpetta, the district headquarters of Wayanad. Architecture and Mythology: Thirunelli Temple is believed to be over 2,000 years old and is dedicated to Lord Vishnu. The temple showcases traditional Kerala-style architecture with intricate carvings and sculptures. It is renowned for its ancient rituals and is considered to be one of the most sacred Vishnu temples in the region. Papanasini River: The temple is located near the Papanasini River, which is considered holy and believed to have the power to wash away sins. Devotees often take a dip in the river before visiting the temple. The river flows through the temple premises, adding to the spiritual ambiance. Rituals and Festivals: Thirunelli Temple is known for its elaborate rituals and festivals. The annual festival, known as Thirunelli Festival or Chuttuvilakku, is a significant event celebrated with great fervor. The temple attracts devotees from various parts of Kerala during this time. Sahasra Kalasam: A unique ritual called Sahasra Kalasam is performed at Thirunelli Temple. It involves the pouring of water into a thousand copper pots, symbolizing the offering of prayers to Lord Brahma, the creator deity. This ritual is performed to seek blessings and purification. Surrounding Attractions: Thirunelli Temple is located in a scenic region surrounded by lush greenery, hills, and forests. The area offers opportunities for nature walks and trekking. Nearby attractions include the Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary, Papanasini River, and trekking trails leading to the Brahmagiri peak. Accessibility: Thirunelli Temple can be reached by road from nearby towns in Wayanad. Private vehicles or hired taxis can be used to reach the temple. The nearest major airport is Calicut International Airport, which is approximately 140 kilometers away. Thirunelli Temple is not only a religious site but also a place of natural beauty and tranquility. It holds immense significance for devotees and offers a serene environment for spiritual seekers. Visitors to Wayanad can explore the temple, immerse themselves in its rich history and architecture, and enjoy the natural surroundings. Address: Thirunelli temple, Thirunelly, Kerala 670646 Phone: 04935 210 201

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Thirunelli Temple

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The rituals in this temple are performed on the banks of stream Papanashini, which originates from the Brahmagiri hills. The stream is considered to have medicinal powers. You can also see a holy rock in this temple, where people used to pray for their forefathers. On the western side of the Thirunelli temple, you can see the cave temple Gunnika. This temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva. Thus Thirunelli is blessed with the trinities – Shiva, Vishnu and Brahma.

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Near by places.

Chembra Peak

Edakkal Caves

Jain Temple

Kuruvadweep

Neelimala Viewpoint

🗓 Best Time To Visit: September to March

⏰ Open Hours: 5:30 AM to 12:00 PM, 5:30 PM to 8:00 PM

🏞 Things To Do: Temple visit, Sightseeing, Wildlife spotting at nearby Pakshipathalam Bird Sanctuary

💰 Budget: No entry fee

🧳 Traveller Types: Pilgrims, Nature Lovers, History Enthusiasts

🔍 Known For: One of the oldest temples in Kerala, famous for its location amidst the Brahmagiri hills and unique ritual of 'Pithrukarma'

🚉 Distances: From Kozhikode railway station: 121.8 km, From Calicut International Airport: 130.5 km, From Wayanad city center: 31.8 km

👣 Accessibility: Temple is accessible via road, closest bus stop is at Mananthavady, 32 km away

🌳 Nearby Attractions: Pakshipathalam Bird Sanctuary, Papanasini River, Tholpetty Wildlife Sanctuary

🕍 Temple Architecture: Ancient Kerala style architecture with carved wooden doors and stone walls

📌 Tips: Wear modest clothing as it's a place of worship. Photography is not allowed inside the temple

Thirunelli Temple: A Sacred and Scenic Destination in Kerala

Have you ever wondered what it would be like to visit a temple that has been blessed by the trinity of Hindu gods - Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva? A temple that can fulfill all your wishes and cleanse all your sins? A temple that is surrounded by the majestic Brahmagiri hills and the lush green forests of Wayanad? If yes, then you should definitely plan a trip to Thirunelli Temple, one of the most ancient and sacred temples in Kerala.

Thirunelli Temple is a temple dedicated to Lord Maha Vishnu, located on the side of Brahmagiri hill in Wayanad district of Kerala, near the border with Karnataka state. It is also known as Sahyamala Kshetram and Kashi of the South . It is believed that the temple was built by Lord Brahma himself and that Lord Vishnu resides here as an idol set in an Amla tree.

The temple draws pilgrims from all over India, primarily for ancestral rites. The rituals are performed on the banks of the Papanasini river, which flows down from Mount Brahmagiri. It is said that this river has divine power to wash away all sins of the mortals.

There is also a holy rock near the temple, where people pray for their forefathers. On the western side of the temple, there is a cave temple called Gunnika, dedicated to Lord Shiva. Thus, Thirunelli Temple becomes a unique place where all the members of the Hindu trinity are present and worshipped.

In this article, we will tell you everything you need to know about Thirunelli Temple, its history, significance, rituals, location and attractions. We will also give you some tips on how to reach the temple, when to visit, where to stay and what to do in and around the temple. By the end of this article, you will be convinced that Thirunelli Temple is a must-visit destination for anyone who loves spirituality, nature and culture.

How to Reach Thirunelli Temple

Thirunelli Temple is located at an altitude of about 900 meters in north Wayanad, about 32 km away from Mananthavady town. You can reach the temple by various modes of transport and routes from different places in Kerala and Karnataka. Here are some of the options:

The nearest airport is Calicut International Airport , which is about 150 km away from the temple. You can take a flight to Calicut from major cities in India and abroad. From Calicut, you can hire a taxi or take a bus to Mananthavady and then another bus or taxi to Thirunelli Temple.

The nearest railway station is Kozhikode Railway Station , which is about 140 km away from the temple. You can take a train to Kozhikode from major cities in India. From Kozhikode, you can hire a taxi or take a bus to Mananthavady and then another bus or taxi to Thirunelli Temple.

You can drive to Thirunelli Temple from various places in Kerala and Karnataka by following the road signs and directions. The roads are well-maintained and scenic, but some sections may be narrow and steep.

History and Significance of Thirunelli Temple

Thirunelli Temple has a rich and fascinating history that dates back to thousands of years. According to legend, Lord Brahma was traveling around the universe on his swan when he was attracted by the beauty of Brahmagiri hill. He descended on that spot and saw an idol of Lord Vishnu set in an Amla tree.

He recognized the idol as Lord Vishnu himself and decided to build a temple there. He named it Sahyamala Kshetram, meaning the temple on the mountain. He also requested Lord Vishnu to bless the waters of the area so that they would wash away all sins. Lord Vishnu agreed and thus the Papanasini river was born.

The temple is also mentioned in various Puranas and Hindu texts as a sacred and powerful place. The Matsya Purana, Skanda Purana, Narasimha Purana, Padma Purana and many other texts refer to the temple as the Kashi of the South. The temple is also associated with the famous incarnation of Lord Vishnu, Parasurama. It is said that Parasurama visited Thirunelli and performed the last rites of his father, sage Jamadagni, who was killed by a king. He also took a dip in the Papanasini river to wash away his sins of killing many kings.

Thirunelli Temple is unique in many ways. It is the only temple in the world where you can perform all the rituals related to your life, from birth to death and beyond. You can perform ceremonies such as naming, tonsuring, thread wearing, marriage, etc. at the temple. You can also perform ancestral rites such as shraddha, pinda, tarpana, etc. at the holy rock and the Papanasini river. It is believed that by doing so, you will attain peace and salvation for yourself and your ancestors.

You may also like to read: Wayanad - Thirunelli Temple

Thirunelli Temple is also significant for its connection to Lord Shiva. There is a cave temple called Gunnika on the western side of the temple, where Lord Shiva is worshipped as a swayambhu linga. According to legend, Lord Shiva came to this place to console Lord Vishnu, who was grieving for his devotee Prahlada. Lord Shiva also blessed the place and said that whoever worships him here will be freed from all diseases and afflictions. The cave temple is also linked to other temples such as Kottiyoor and Trisillery, where Lord Shiva is worshipped in different forms.

Temple Architecture and Features

Thirunelli Temple is an embodiment of ancient temple architecture and culture. The temple has a rectangular shape and is surrounded by a granite wall. The main entrance is on the east side and has a gopuram or tower with intricate carvings.

The temple has a mandapam or hall with wooden pillars and a prakaram or corridor around the sanctum sanctorum. The sanctum sanctorum houses the idol of Lord Vishnu, which is made of black stone and has four arms holding a conch, a discus, a mace and a lotus. The idol faces east and has a serene expression.

The temple has many features and attractions that make it a unique and beautiful place. One of them is the aquaduct that brings water to the temple from a natural spring on the hill. The aquaduct is made of stone and has a series of steps and channels that carry the water to different parts of the temple. The water is used for various purposes such as bathing, drinking, cooking, etc. The water is also considered sacred and has healing properties.

Another feature of the temple is the pooja rites and festivals that are performed throughout the year. The temple follows a strict schedule of pooja rites that are conducted by the priests in accordance with the scriptures. The pooja rites include nirmalya darshanam, abhishekam, alankaram, ucha pooja, deeparadhana, athazha pooja, etc. The temple also celebrates many festivals such as Vishu, Onam, Ekadashi, Sivaratri, etc. with great fervor and devotion. The festivals are marked by special rituals, offerings, processions, cultural programs, etc.

Nearby Attractions and Activities

Thirunelli Temple is not only a place of worship, but also a place of wonder and adventure. There are many nearby attractions and activities that tourists can enjoy while visiting the temple. Here are some of them:

Brahmagiri Hills:

The Brahmagiri hills are the backdrop of the temple and offer a stunning view of the landscape. The hills are also a trekking destination for adventure seekers. The trekking route starts from the temple and goes up to the peak of the hill, which is about 1600 meters high. The trekking route passes through dense forests, grasslands, streams and waterfalls. The trekking takes about 4 hours to complete and requires permission from the forest department.

Wildlife Sanctuary:

The Brahmagiri hills are also home to a wildlife sanctuary that covers an area of 181 square kilometers. The sanctuary is a habitat for various animals and birds, such as elephants, tigers, leopards, gaurs, deer, monkeys, peacocks, hornbills, etc. The sanctuary also has a watchtower and an interpretation center for visitors. The sanctuary is open from 7 am to 5 pm and requires permission from the forest department.

Papanasini River:

The Papanasini river is a sacred and scenic attraction near the temple. The river originates from the Brahmagiri hills and flows down to the temple. The river is believed to have the power to wash away all sins and diseases. Many pilgrims take a dip in the river and perform ancestral rites on its banks. The river also has a waterfall and a bridge that add to its beauty.

Gunnika Cave Temple:

The Gunnika cave temple is another attraction near the temple. It is a cave temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, located on the western side of the temple. The cave temple has a swayambhu linga or a self-manifested linga that is worshipped by devotees. The cave temple also has a legend associated with it. It is said that Lord Shiva came here to console Lord Vishnu, who was grieving for his devotee Prahlada. Lord Shiva also blessed the place and said that whoever worships him here will be freed from all diseases and afflictions.

Local Cuisine, Culture and Handicrafts:

Thirunelli Temple is also a place where visitors can experience the local cuisine, culture and handicrafts of Wayanad. The temple has a canteen that serves delicious vegetarian food, such as rice, sambar, rasam, avial, payasam, etc. The temple also has a souvenir shop that sells various handicrafts made by the local artisans, such as bamboo baskets, pottery, paintings, etc. The temple also hosts cultural programs during festivals, such as folk dances, music, drama, etc.

You may also like to read: Thirunelly : Wayanad's unknown neighbour

Best Time to Visit Thirunelli Temple

Thirunelli Temple can be visited throughout the year, but the best time to visit is from October to March . This is the time when the weather is pleasant and cool, and the nature is at its best. The temperature ranges from 15°C to 25°C during this time. This is also the time when most of the festivals are celebrated at the temple, such as Vishu in April, Onam in August or September, Ekadashi in November or December, Sivaratri in February or March, etc.

The summer season from April to May is also a good time to visit, but it can be hot and humid. The temperature ranges from 25°C to 35°C during this time. This is also the time when the Papanasini river is full and flowing.

The monsoon season from June to September is not recommended for visiting, as it can be rainy and slippery. The temperature ranges from 20°C to 30°C during this time. This is also the time when the trekking and wildlife activities are restricted due to safety reasons.

Accommodation, Facilities and Safety Measures

Thirunelli Temple has various accommodation options for visitors who want to stay overnight or longer. There are guest houses run by the temple authorities that offer basic amenities such as rooms, beds, toilets, etc. There are also hotels and resorts nearby that offer more facilities such as restaurants, swimming pools, spas, etc. The rates vary depending on the season and availability.

The temple also has various facilities for visitors such as parking space, drinking water, toilets, canteen, souvenir shop, etc. The temple also has security guards and CCTV cameras for safety purposes. The temple timings are from 5:30 am to 12:00 pm and from 5:30 pm to 8:00 pm.

The visitors should follow some safety measures while visiting Thirunelli Temple such as:

1. Dress modestly and respectfully while entering the temple premises

2. Remove shoes and leather items before entering the sanctum sanctorum

3. Do not touch or disturb the idol or the pooja items

4. Do not take photos or videos inside the temple without permission

5. Do not litter or pollute the temple premises or the river

6. Do not feed or harm the animals or birds in the sanctuary

7. Do not venture into the forest or the hills without permission or guidance

8. Carry a first aid kit and medicines for emergencies

9. Respect the customs and traditions of the temple and the locals

Thirunelli Temple is a sacred and scenic destination in Kerala that offers a unique and memorable experience for visitors. It is a place where you can worship Lord Vishnu, Lord Shiva and Lord Brahma, and perform all the rituals related to your life. It is also a place where you can enjoy the beauty and adventure of nature, and explore the culture and cuisine of Wayanad. It is a place that will make you feel closer to yourself and your ancestors.

If you are looking for a spiritual, natural and cultural getaway, then Thirunelli Temple is the perfect choice for you.

We hope you enjoyed reading this article and found it useful. If you did, please share it with your friends and family who may be interested in visiting Thirunelli Temple.

Also, let us know your feedback or queries in the comments section below. We would love to hear from you. We wish you a happy and safe journey to Thirunelli Temple.

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17 Places To Visit In And Around Wayanad

by middha on August 10, 2018

Wayanad, located in Kerala, is a picture-perfect town full of lush green slopes and forests. It is the perfect place for nature lovers and those who like taking long walks or hikes in the great outdoors.

Wayanad has so much to offer those who come to holiday here. There are mesmerizing waterfalls, caves, spiritual places and a wildlife sanctuary to explore on your trip. We take a look at the places you must visit in and around Wayanad if you are planning a relaxing break in the town.

Places to Visit in and around Wayanad: Temples

1. thirunelli temple.

Thirunelli Temple

Located on the side of Brahmagiri Hills, Thirunelli Temple is a famous ancient temple dedicated to Lord Maha Vishnu. It is one of the most visited pilgrimage centers with devotees coming here from all over India, especially from South.

The temple is located at a height of around 900 metres and is surrounded by beautiful forests and mountains.

2. Jain Temple

Jain Temple, Sulthan Bathery

Located at a distance of 24 kilometres from Kalpetta, this is an ancient temple situated in the heart of a town called Sulthan Bathery. The architecture of the temple is beautiful with carvings on the granite pillars, inspired by the Vijayanagar style of architecture.

The temple has few small statues of Jain Tirthankaras, but the main seat of the sanctum is empty and no poojas are performed here.

Places to visit in and around Wayanad: Wildlife Sanctuaries

1. pakshipathalam bird sanctuary.

Eagle at the Pakshipathalam Bird Sanctuary

Pakshipathalam Bird Sanctuary is a great place for nature lovers and adventure enthusiasts. Both locals and tourists come here for a spot of bird watching.

Apart from bird watching, this place also has a nice path leading to the sanctuary which is suitable for trekking. The trek is a scenic one, with amazing views, a lot of greenery, hills and streams around.

2. Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary

Elephants at the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary

Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, the second largest sanctuary in Kerala, was established in 1973. It has an area of around 340 square kilometers and has four ranges. The four ranges are Sulthan Bathery, Muthanga, Kurichiat and Tholpetty.

The sanctuary is home to many wild animals such as the Indian bison, elephants, deer, tigers and more. It is now a part of the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve and a protected area. Here, you can partake in activities such as a jungle safari, wildlife safari and sightseeing tours.

3. Tholpetty Wildlife Sanctuary

Spot Wild Bison at the Tholpetty Wildlife Sanctuary

Located in the north of Wayanad, Tholpetty Wildlife Sanctuary is known for its diverse flora. It is a part of UNESCO’s Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve, the first international biosphere reserve in India. There is a wildlife safari open to visitors twice day which lasts for about 2 hours.

The major attraction in this sanctuary is the lake where animals come to drink water. You can spot elephants, tigers, leopards, bears, deer, monkeys and reptiles.

Places to visit in and around Wayanad: Lakes, Islands and Dams

1. pookode lake.

Pookode Lake, Kalpetta

Pookode Lake is considered as one of the smallest and highest freshwater lake in Kerala. It is spread across an area of 8.5 hectares and is around 6.5 metres deep, and in the shape of the map of India.

On the lake, you can see beautiful blue lotus flowers. Here you can go for a boat ride or take a nice long nature walk or hike.

2. Banasura Sagar Dam

Banasura Sagar Dam

One of the best tourist places to visit in Wayanad, Banasura Sagar Dam is a must-visit. It is a part of the Indian Banasura Sagar project, a dam and a canal project started in the year 1979.

The dam and the area around it is beautiful. Here you are offered various activities such as boating, trekking and sightseeing.

3. Kuruva Island

Kuruva Island

Kuruva Island is spread over an area of 950 acres and has a rich variety of flora and fauna. Here you will see many bridges that are made of bamboo and several rare species of plant.

The island has many small streams and rivers along the green forests, making it an ideal place to walk about. Activities here include boating, rafting, nature walks and much more.

Places to visit in and around Wayanad: Nature

1. chembra peak.

Chembra Peak (source)

One of the highest peaks in Western Ghats, Chembra Peak is located at a height of 2100 metres above sea level. It is situated close to the town Meppadi. It’s a great place to trek in – the highest point is a lake that is heart shaped, which is moulded in a heart shape.

A visit to this peak needs a pass from the VSS office at the entrance, which also provides trekking guides to tourists.

2. Edakkal Caves

Edakkal Caves

Edakkal Caves is famously known for the pictorial art in the cave which is made in 6000 BC. In order to reach the caves, we need to trek through the Ambukuthi Mala which will take around 45 minutes. There are two chambers inside the cave, the lower chamber which is about 18 feet long and 1o feet high and the upper chamber which is about 96 feet long and 18 feet high.

On the walls, we can find many animal figures that are drawn by the humans of that age. If you want to know the culture and the human life of the past then this place is for you.

3. Chain Tree

It is located on the highway near the famous Pepper Wayanad Gate Hotel. This is a ficus tree with massive steel chains hanging from it. Legend has it that a British engineer killed a tribal youth who had helped him reach Wayanad.

He did so because he wanted credit for discovering the easiest and shortest path to get there and in killing the youth he could act as if the discovery was his own. The spirit of the deceased tribal is said to haunt this area.

4. Soochipara Falls

Soochipara Falls, Kalpetta

Soochipara Falls, also known as Sentinel Rock Waterfall, is a three-tiered waterfall at Vellarimala at a height of 656 feet that is encompassed by thick forests.

It takes 20 minutes to reach this place from Meppadi. In order to reach the falls, you need to stroll for around 2 kilometres from the parking space, as the vehicles cannot move further in.

5. Phantom Rock

Phantom Rock

Phantom Rock is situated in Ambalavayal and is 26 kilometres away from Kalpetta. It stands at a height of 260 meters above sea level and is surrounded by greenery. This is an archaeological wonder that cannot be seen anywhere else on the planet.

The rock resembles the shape of a skull and hence the name Phantom Rock. It is located near to the Cheengeri Mala, a place that is popular with trekkers.

6. Neelimala Viewpoint

Neelimala View Point

Neelima Viewpoint offers some fun-filled experiences along with a mesmerising view. In order to reach the viewpoint, you need to take the Ooty Road to Vaduvanchal and from there you have to trek to the hilltop. As you go up, you will see beautiful views of the western ghats and Meenmutty Falls.

7. Lakkidi Viewpoint

Lakkidi Viewpoint

Situated on the peak of the serpentine Thamarassery Ghat Pass, Lakkidi Viewpoint is located around 2296 feet above sea level. The nearest town is Vythiri, about 5 kilometres away.

A lot of tourists visit this place due to its breathtaking views of lush green slopes, streams and valleys. In recent years, its popularity has grown as a hill station getaway.

8. Meenmutty Waterfalls

Meenmutty Waterfalls

Meenmutty Waterfalls is a famous three-tiered waterfall in Kerala, located near the Neyyar Reservoir, 29 kilometres from Kalpetta. The height of the waterfall is about 300 metres.

In order to reach the location, you can trek about 2 kilometres through the thick jungle from the Wayanad-Ooty road. This is a bit risky during the monsoon season. Activities to participate in here include trekking, rock climbing and swimming.

Places to visit in and around Wayanad: Factories

1. the bamboo factory.

The Bamboo Factory, Wayanad (source)

The Factory in Uravu is an initiative to bring back the art of making crafts using bamboo. The locals here earn their living as bamboo craftsmen.

This place serves a dual purpose as a source of income for the locals and a great tourist spot for visitors. They make several souvenirs using bamboo.

These are some of the best places to visit in and around Wayanad. Have you been to any of these places before? We’d love to hear about your experiences. Write to us in the comments section.

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Thirunelli Temple

• Posted on: March 4, 2020 February 13, 2023

Thirunelli Temple Wayanad

Thirunelli Temple is set on the backdrop of the charming Brahmagiri mountain region and is on the ancient temples devoted to Lord Vishnu. The temple is also known as Sahyamala Kshetram and is surrounded by forests and mist-covered hills. The Kashi of South , Thirunelli temple is the only temple where devotees can carry out rituals that relate to birth, death, and life after death. The Papanasini river lies closer to the temple. A walk to the river is tedious but memorable. The majority of the visitors are devotees who come to perform ancestral ceremonies.

Holy rock and Gunnika, the cave temple are attractions of the temples. The magnificence and scenic beauty of the temple increase spiritual experiences and are unavoidable.

The temple premises can be visited every day at two times, In the mornings, devotees can pray and do rites between 5: 30 am and 12 pm. Then, the next session will extend between 5: 30 pm and 8 pm. Both the timings flock large crowds who come for religious purposes and also to visit the peaceful sanctum reflected at the temple and also be awed by the architecture of the traditional royal era of South India.

After you plan a trip to the temple, also don't miss a trip to a wonderful trekking destination named Pakshipathalam. The temple and the nearby places can be reached by bus, jeep, and by your own car. You can enter from Kerala , via Mananthavadi town, and go to Thirunellii town. For those who come from Karnataka, you will have to take Mysore Road to reach Mananthavadi town. Book your accommodation in advance, as there are few guest houses in the area for pilgrims from various places of India. Mostly, you will be served vegetarian meals near the lodgings near the temple areas,

Other Attractions in Wayanad

Kuruva Island or Kuruvadweep

Banasura Sagar Dam

Pakshipathalam

Muthanga Wildlife Sanctuary

Edakkal Caves

Meenmutty Waterfalls

The Tholpetty Wildlife Sanctuary

Jain Temple

Chembra Peak

Pookkode Lake

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Thirunelli Temple Tourism

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Opening and Closing time of Thirunelli Temple

Disclaimer: It's important to check the most current information before planning your visit, as opening hours can vary and might be subject to change due to special events, maintenance, or unforeseen circumstances. A reliable way to confirm the opening hours is to contact the local tourism board, check the official website (if available)

Entry Ticket Pricing for Thirunelli Temple

Disclaimer: Please note that prices are subject to change, cross check required .

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Thirunelli Maha Vishnu Temple

Vilakku Maadam at Thirunelli Maha Vishnu Temple

A famous pilgrim centre visited by devotees mainly for paying homage to their ancestors, the Thirunelli temple is situated in a valley surrounded by mountain peaks and dense forests. It is dedicated to Lord Maha Vishnu, and has several legends associated with it. According to popular belief, Lord Brahma, the lord of creation, during one of his travels, saw an image of Lord Vishnu under a Nelli [gooseberry] tree. Later He installed and consecrated the idol.

Taking a dip in Papanasini, the mountain spring from Brahmagiri, is believed to wash away all the worldly sins and prepare the devotee for salvation. The Vilakku Maadam [traditional lamp sculpted from stone] and the Karingal Paathi [granite water channel] are a testimony to the enviable artistry of anonymous native craftsmen.

Temple Timings: 5.30 am to 12.30 pm & 5.30 pm to 08.30 pm

Watch the video of Thirunelli Maha Vishnu Temple

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Thirunelli temple amidst Wayanad forest offers much more than spiritual succour

Devotees have been thronging the middle-of-the-forest Thirunelli temple in the Wayanad district for many years to attain salvation and wash away the sins, if any, by taking a dip in the nearby Papanasini stream.

Besides the spiritual aura that surrounds the temple, it is located in a picturesque place that is brushed by the cool breeze that caresses the lush green beauty of the Brahmagiri Hills and encircled by verdant forest that is embraced by floating mist.

View this post on Instagram A post shared by The Manny 🇮🇳 (@mannyshine_)

Thirunelli has different facets and it is an enigma, a wonder and an excitement for the tourists. The journey through the heart of the thick jungle to Thirunelli would leave a lasting impression on the travellers.

'Karkidaka Vavu Bali': The famous Thirunelly Temple ready to welcome devotees

Bamboos on both sides The temple is situated in the middle of the Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary. People can get a feel of the wilderness as they drive from Tholpetty to Thirunelli through the forest. The sight of bamboos on both sides of the pathway creating a perfect canopy is eye-catching. Many monkeys and sambar deer would greet you at various points as they travel on the forest road.

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The chances of spotting the menacing bison are also pretty high. While travelling to Thirunelli, make sure to follow the instructions of the forest department as the region is frequented by wild elephants. Do avoid littering in forest area and deposit plastic bottles and other waste in dustbins.

A temple amidst mist Undoubtedly, the main attraction of Thirunelli is the decked-up temple, which looks stunning against the backdrop of the Brahmagiri Hills. It is a treat for the eyes to see the temple standing tall amidst the milky mist.

View this post on Instagram A post shared by Thennal Jungle Camp Wayanad (@thennaljunglecamp)

It is believed that the Vishnu temple, which is around 3,000 years old and rests on 30 granite pillars, was built by Brahma. The temple is also known as ‘Kashi of South’ and ‘Sahyamala Kshetram’.

Besides the fables and interesting tales that surrounds the temple, it is also rich in history. The temple had close links with the Kumbla dynasty of the Kasaragod district, the Kurumbranad kingdom and the kings of Wayanad.

The Thirunelli temple also finds mention in centuries-old historical records and there are many archaeological sites around the temple. It is noteworthy that 9th and 10th century coins were found during excavation work at the archaeological sites near the temple.

The holy pond The temple pond known as ‘panchatheertham’ is on the south side of the Thirunelli temple and the flight of steps behind the place of worship would lead devotees to the water body. It is believed that water from five rivers flows into the holy pond, which has many art carvings and sculptures in its vicinity.

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In the middle of the pond, image of two footprints, believed to be that of Lord Vishnu, is sculpted on a rock. Besides the footprints, one could also find images of ‘shanku’ (conch shell), ‘chakram’ (wheel), ‘gada’ (mace) and ‘padmam’ (lotus) carved on the rock. It is also believed that Lord Vishnu advised Brahma while standing on this rock.

The Papanasini stream is near the temple complex and one has to walk through a bed of round pebbles to reach the serene brook. The ‘panchatheertha’ pond and the Gundika Shiv Temple are on the way to the stream.

It is believed that the stream can wash away the sins and devotees from far and wide come to the holy water body to offer prayers to their ancestors. The devotees visiting the Thirunelli temple would not return without taking a dip in the Papanasini stream.

Sunrise and sunset After paying obeisance at the temple, you can savour the pristine beauty of Wayanad by staying in one of the many hotels and resorts of your choice. As Wayanad is a popular tourist destination, there is a whole array of accommodation spaces from pocket-friendly budget hotels to swanky resorts.

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Before heading home, make sure to watch the fantasy spectacle called sunrise and sunset against the backdrop of the dreamy Brahmagiri hills.

The other places of interest during the Thirunelli tour are Pakshipathalam, which is the favourite spot of bird watchers, and the Tholpetty Wildlife Sanctuary, among others.

The rock caves of Pakshipathalam on the Kerala-Karnataka border house many animals and birds. The Tholpetty Wildlife Sanctuary is situated 13km away from Thirunelli on the Thirunelli-Kodagu route. You can also offer prayers at the Thrissilery Shiv temple, which is on the way to Mananthavady from Thirunelli.  

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Thirunelli Temple Darshan Guide Timings, Entry Fee, Online Booking

Thirunelli Temple Darshan Guide Timings, Entry Fee, Online Booking, Daily Pooja Schedule, How to Reach, Near By places, Stay

Table of Contents

Thirunelli Temple, also known as the Kashi of the South, is an ancient temple located in the Wayanad district of Kerala.Thirunelli Temple, dedicated to Lord Vishnu, is believed to have been constructed over 5000 years ago and is a highly visited temple in Kerala, drawing devotees from around the globe. 

Today’s article will provide you with all the essential information you need to know about Thirunelli Temple, including its timings, entry fee, daily pooja schedule, how to reach, nearby places, and stay options.

History of Thirunelli Temple

Thirunelli Temple is an ancient temple that is believed to have been constructed over 5000 years ago. According to legends, Lord Brahma, the creator of the universe, performed a yagna at this location to get rid of his sins. Lord Vishnu, pleased with the yagna, appeared before Lord Brahma and asked him to construct a temple dedicated to him at this location. It is believed that Lord Brahma constructed the Thirunelli Temple at this location, and the temple has been a revered pilgrimage site ever since.

Thirunelli Temple Timings

Thirunelli Temple is open for darshan from 5:30 am to 12:00 pm and from 5:30 pm to 8:00 pm every day.  The temple is closed during lunchtime from 12:00 pm to 5:30 pm.

Thirunelli Temple Entry Fee

There is no entry fee for visiting Thirunelli Temple. However, if you wish to perform special poojas or rituals, you may have to pay a nominal fee.

Thirunelli Temple Online Booking

Thirunelli Temple does not have an online booking system for darshan or poojas. Devotees can directly visit the temple during the darshan timings and perform poojas or rituals as per their wish.

Thirunelli Temple Daily Pooja Schedule

Thirunelli Temple has a daily pooja schedule that starts with the morning pooja at 5:30 am. The morning pooja is followed by the Usha pooja at 7:00 am, the Ucha pooja at 12:00 pm, and the Athazha pooja at 7:00 pm. Devotees can attend these poojas and seek the blessings of Lord Vishnu.

How to Reach Thirunelli Temple

Thirunelli Temple is 32 km away from Manathavady. Thirunelli Temple is located in the Wayanad district of Kerala and is easily accessible by road. The Calicut International Airport is the closest airport to the temple, situated approximately 100 km away. The Mysore Railway Station is the closest railway station, located about 120 km from Thirunelli Temple. To reach the temple from either the airport or railway station, you can hire a taxi or take a bus.

Nearby Places to Visit

Thirunelli Temple is located amidst the beautiful hills of Wayanad, and there are several nearby places that you can visit during your trip. Some of the popular tourist attractions near Thirunelli Temple are:

• Pakshipathalam: It is a beautiful hill station located about 7 km away from Thirunelli Temple. The place is known for its breathtaking views and trekking trails.
• Brahmagiri Wildlife Sanctuary: Situated approximately 9 km from Thirunelli Temple, this sanctuary is a habitat to various flora and fauna, such as elephants, tigers, and deer.
• Papanashini River: This river is located near Thirunelli Temple and is considered to be sacred by the locals. The river is believed to have the power to wash away one’s sins.
• Tholpetty Wildlife Sanctuary: Situated approximately 9 km from Thirunelli Temple, this sanctuary is a habitat to various flora and fauna, such as elephants, tigers, and deer., tigers, and deer.

Best Time to Visit Thirunelli Temple

The best time to visit Thirunelli Temple is from September to May, as the weather during these months is pleasant, and the temple is not crowded. It is recommended to avoid visiting the temple during the monsoon season, as the roads leading to the temple may be slippery and dangerous.

Click Here for the Thirunelli Temple Darshan Guide

Thirunelli Temple Stay Options

There are several stay options near Thirunelli Temple, ranging from budget hotels to luxury resorts. Some of the popular stay options near Thirunelli Temple are:

• The Woods Resort: This resort is located near Thirunelli Temple and offers comfortable rooms and cottages, along with several amenities such as a swimming pool, spa, and restaurant.
• Wayanad Wild: This eco-resort is located about 40 km away from Thirunelli Temple and offers luxurious tents and cottages amidst the lush green forests of Wayanad.
• Kallat Hotel: This budget hotel is located near Thirunelli Temple and offers basic rooms and amenities at affordable prices.

Things to Keep in Mind While Visiting Thirunelli Temple

• Dress modestly while visiting the temple and avoid wearing revealing or inappropriate clothing.
• Follow the rules and regulations of the temple and maintain silence inside the temple premises.
• Do not litter or damage the temple premises and respect the sanctity of the temple.
• Avoid visiting the temple during peak hours, as it may be crowded, and you may have to wait in long queues.

Thirunelli Temple is a revered pilgrimage site that attracts devotees from all over the world. In this article, we discussed everything you need to know about Thirunelli Temple, including its timings, entry fee, daily pooja schedule, how to reach, nearby places, and stay options. Visiting Thirunelli Temple can be a spiritual and enriching experience, and we hope that this article has helped you plan your visit to this holy temple. Whether you are a devotee seeking divine blessings or a traveler looking for a peaceful and tranquil getaway, Thirunelli Temple is sure to offer you an unforgettable experience. So pack your bags and head over to this holy shrine to seek blessings from the Almighty!

1.  Do visitors need to follow a dress code when visiting Thirunelli Temple?

Yes, visitors are expected to dress modestly and avoid wearing revealing or inappropriate clothing.

2. Can I perform special poojas or rituals at Thirunelli Temple?

Yes, you can perform special poojas or rituals at Thirunelli Temple by paying a nominal fee.

3. Is there an online booking system for Thirunelli Temple?

4. Can I perform special poojas or rituals at Thirunelli Temple?

5. Is there an online booking system for Thirunelli Temple?

No, Thirunelli Temple does not have an online booking system for darshan or poojas.

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Thirunelly Temple

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Time Required : 1-2 Hours

Timings : The temple is open from 5:30 AM to 12 PM and then again from 5:30 PM to 8 PM on all days of the week.

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Thirunelly Temple, Wayanad Overview

The Thirunelli Temple is an ancient temple dedicated to the Lord Maha Vishnu. It is located in the Wayanad district of Kerala and is surrounded by pleasing hills and lush green forests. It stands at the height of 900 meters, overlooking the mountainous landscape and thick forests, nestled on one side of the Brahmagiri hills, at the Karnataka border. The Thirunelly Temple is also known as the Sahyamala Kshetram and Kashi of the South. Nelli translates to gooseberry. It is believed that the idol was Lord Vishnu was first found resting on a gooseberry tree before the temple was built. Scriptures have been found that indicate that Thirunelly was an important centre of pilgrimage during the rule of the Chera king, Bhaskara Ravi Varma.

Thirunelly Temple Highlights

1. pancha theertham.

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Shadow Warrior | The tragedy of Wayanad and the vulnerability of Western Ghats

The root cause of the ecological problems in Kerala is the increasingly unstable landscape amid growing population pressure, overtourism, and ecocide read more

After days of intense coverage of the landslides in Wayanad, the news cycle has moved on to other calamities. But the problems remain, and things cannot be left to benign neglect, as is usually the case. For example, there was a strange thundering noise from deep underground that alarmed people in the area. This is ominous, as it may presage a tectonic movement, although there have been no big quakes here for centuries.

A dramatic before-and-after report from Reuters , using satellite images from Planet Labs, Google, Maxar Technologies, and Airbus, shows how the landslide left a giant scar on the surface of the earth, washing away hundreds of houses, leading to widespread fatalities and destruction.

Prime Minister Narendra Modi visited the afflicted area. Better governance, both by centre and state, is sorely needed to tackle the problem because it is not simple: there are proximate, preponderant, and root causes. A lot of it is anthropogenic based on local factors, but climate change is also a major factor, as the local climate and rainfall patterns have shifted dramatically in the recent past. There was a drought in 2015, followed by the Ockhi cyclone in 2017, and then landslides and floods in 2018 and 2019.

As a resident of Kerala who has visited Wayanad only twice (once in 2018 and the second time in May this year), both the problems and the possible solutions are of immediate importance to me because the very same issues are likely to crop up all over the state, and unless remedial measures are taken now, we can expect further tragedies and endless suffering.

Proximate Cause: Excess Rain

The proximate cause is La Nina-enhanced rainfall, which has been higher this year along the west coast. In Wayanad itself, it rained 572 mm in 48 hours before the landslide: about 1.8 feet, an enormous amount.

Before the Wayanad landslide, there had been another in Shirur on the Karnataka coast near Ankola, where a number of people were swept away. The story of Arjun, a Kerala trucker whose truck full of lumber disappeared, was all over the news, and after a weeks-long search, there was no sign of him or the truck.

The total rainfall since June 1 was of the order of 3000 mm in Wayanad, which is unusually high, creating vulnerability to landslides. In a recent interview, environmental expert Madhav Gadgil mentioned that quarrying may have added to the intensity of the rainfall because the fine dust from the mining and explosions forms aerosols, on which water molecules condense, leading to excessive precipitation.

The intense rainfall saturated the soil, and in the absence of sufficient old-growth vegetation that might have held it together, the hillside simply collapsed.

Preponderant Cause: Population Pressure, Overtourism, Ecocide

The preponderant causes of the problems in Wayanad are obvious: population pressure, overtourism, and environmental destruction. The forest has basically ceased to exist due to human exploitation. According to India Today , 62 per cent of the green cover in the district disappeared between 1950 and 2018, while plantation cover rose by around 1,800 per cent. Fully 85 per cent of the total area of Wayanad was under forest cover until the 1950s.

Overpopulation, Settlement and Habitat Loss

My first visit to Wayanad was in 2018, when we drove to Kerala from Karnataka: from the Nagarhole/Bandipur Wildlife Sanctuaries to the contiguous Wayanad Wildlife Sanctuary, all forming a Project Tiger ecosphere along with neighbouring Mudumalai Wildlife Sanctuary in Tamil Nadu. Together they form the Nilgiri Biosphere Reserve.

Bandipur/Nagarhole actually looks like a forest. But I was astonished when we drove into Wayanad, because it does not look like a forest any more; it is full of human habitation. It looks like any of the other districts in Kerala: thickly populated, with settlements all over the place. It appeared to be only notionally a wildlife sanctuary.

Habitat loss, especially that of forest cover, is true of all of Kerala, as highlighted in a study by IISc scientists. It is startling to see how much of this has happened in just a few decades. But it is the culmination of a process that started at least a century ago.

Wayanad, according to myth and legend, was once a lovely, lush forest inhabited by a small number of tribals. There were fierce Kurichya archers (it is possible they were warriors banished to the forest after losing a war) who, with Pazhassi Raja, carried on a guerilla war against the British colonials in the 19th century until the Raja was captured and executed. I visited the Pazhassi Museum in Mananthavady this May, on my second visit to Wayanad. There were artefacts there from the tribal settlements.

Then, in the 20th century, there was a large migration of lowland people, mostly Christians, from Central Travancore to the Wayanad highlands (and the Western Ghats uplands in general). They encroached on public/forest lands, cleared the forests, and created plantations and agricultural settlements. Their struggles against malaria, wild animals, and the land itself were the subject of Jnanpith winner S K Pottekkat’s renowned novel Vishakanyaka (Poison Maiden).

The public land thus captured eventually made some people rich, but the whole process also in effect enslaved the tribals, who became an exploited underclass—the very same story as of Native Americans, who are still struggling for social justice after centuries of being untermenschen.

Since most of the settlers were Christians, the Church became a powerful spokesman for them. Successive governments gave a lot of the settlers title to the land they had illegally captured. So there is a class of rich planters and, on the other hand, miserable plantation workers, often migrants, especially from Tamil Nadu.

The green deserts need to be turned back into forests.

Kerala’s highlands, over time, became ‘green deserts’, rather than ‘tropical rainforests’. The monoculture of tea, rubber, coffee, and especially invasive species such as acacia and eucalyptus is destructive. They crowd out native species, ravage the water table, do not put down deep roots, and offer almost no sustenance to wild animals. It may look deceptively green, but it is no forest.

An expert committee, the Madhav Gadgil Commission, recommended in 2011 that the entire Western Ghats was ecologically sensitive (ESA, or Ecologically Sensitive Area), and 75 per cent of it must be preserved intact with minimal human presence. The report was scathing about quarrying, including blasting with dynamite, which upset the already fragile ecosystem, ravaged as it was by the removal of old growth forest and the root system that held the soil together.

At the time, Gadgil did say that the calamity would not take 100 years but would happen in ten to twenty years. He was right, but he was ignored as though he were Cassandra.

The Church opposed the Gadgil report tooth and nail, and the Government of Kerala pushed back on it. So the Central government created the Kasturirangan Commission (2013), which reduced the proposed ESA to 37 per cent. It classified 60 per cent of the Western Ghats as a ‘cultural landscape’ with human settlements, plantations, and agriculture.

But that too was not acceptable. In fact, Jayanthi Natarajan claimed that she was forced to resign as Environment Minister because she actually notified the order on protection of the Western Ghats the day before she was removed. Her successor duly put the order on hold.

Sitting Congress MP in nearby Idukki, P T Thomas, says he was dropped in the 2014 elections because he supported the Gadgil report against “encroachments… illegal constructions, quarrying, timber smuggling, sand mining from the rivers, and ganja cultivation…My stand upset the Idukki dioceses of the Syro Malabar Catholic Church. The Idukki Bishop had openly opposed my candidature.”

The Government of Kerala convened a third committee, the Oommen Commission (2014), which was specific to Kerala, and it recommended keeping all inhabited areas and plantations out of the ESA altogether. Mission accomplished. No more restrictions on land use.

Overtourism and Carrying Capacity

This is one reason for the proliferation of resorts and homestays in Wayanad. Every second house caters to tourists, as can be seen from a Google Map (of the area around Kalpetta). The environmental pressure from this (what about solid waste disposal? Do they dump liquid wastes into rivers?) is horrific and increasing. Trash lines the area near the Thamarassery Pass.

As a tourist myself, I did not choose a plantation resort but instead a homestay that has a working farm. Perhaps I made a wrong choice because a plantation has a lot of space to absorb the tourist impact. The homestay had many youngsters from Bangalore over the weekend, and it was perfectly nice, but I wonder how much I contributed to the human toll on the environment.

I had gone to Wayanad to visit the Thirunelli temple and the Edakkal caves, which have petroglyphs and drawings reliably dated back to 8000 Before the Present (BP), making them second only to the Bhimbetka caves in Madhya Pradesh, whose rock art dates back to 10,000 BP and earlier. So this area, despite the geological fault lines, has indeed been inhabited for a very long time. The carrying capacity of the land was sufficient in those prehistoric times and even up until recently; now the land can no longer sustain the population.

It is also host to another recent influx. Muslims from nearby lowland Kozhikode and Malappuram districts have come up the Thamarassery Pass and settled in Wayanad in numbers.

Root Cause: Geology and Errant Rainfall

The root cause of the ecological problems in Kerala is the increasingly unstable landscape. It is remarkable that Kerala has such a high number of landslides and vulnerable spots. India Today reports that Kerala has recorded the largest number of landslides in the country, 2,239 out of 3,782 that occurred between 2015 and 2022. The “Landslide Atlas of India 2023” from ISRO lists 13 out of 14 Kerala districts among the top 50 landslide-prone areas of the country.

This is surprising because the more obvious fault lines must be in the North, where the Indian Plate continues to grind up against the Eurasian Plate, and the Himalayas and the Tibetan Plateau continue to gain a few centimetres in elevation every year. Indeed, Arunachal Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh, J&K, and Uttarakhand are landslide-prone. But why Kerala, at the other end of the landmass?

It must be the case that there have been severe tectonic movements in Kerala in the past: the Parasurama legend of the land coming up from the sea is based on a real event, presumably caused by an earthquake in a prehistoric time frame. More recently, the thriving Kerala port of Kodungalloor (aka Muziris), the principal West Coast port in historical times along with Bharuccha in Gujarat, was suddenly rendered bereft in 1341 CE after a severe flood in the River Periyar, and port activities shifted to nearby Kochi.

More recently, old-timers talk about the Great Flood of ‘99, i.e., the 1099 Malabar Era, or 1924 CE. Exactly 100 years ago there were torrential rains in July, and records suggest it was 3368 mm or 1326 inches over three weeks—that is 11 feet of rain. Floodwaters rose up to 6 feet, rivers changed course, and at least 1,000 people died along with large numbers of livestock, and there was massive destruction of agricultural land and foodgrains. The Flood of ‘99 became etched in the collective memory of the area, but it mostly affected the lowland areas of Travancore and Cochin, leaving the highlands largely untouched.

That has changed with deforestation, quarrying, construction, and denudation of hillsides.

There were the floods of 2018, which affected the hills, especially in Munnar. A full mountainside fell 300 meters into a river there. Entire settlements were washed away. A total of 2,346 mm of rain, or 923 inches, was recorded in July and August, almost 50 per cent higher than the norm. As many as 483 people were killed, with many more missing and unaccounted for. Infrastructure was wiped out, including roads and clean water supply. Dams had to be opened, wreaking havoc on those downstream.

There is also the perennial threat of Mullaperiyar Dam overflowing or being breached, which is, among other things, a source of friction between Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

Other root causes include the following:

Climate Change: A study by the World Weather Attribution Group indicated that climate change has intensified rainfall in the region by about 10 per cent, contributing significantly to the severity of the disaster. The ongoing increase in global temperatures has led to more extreme weather patterns, including heavier monsoon rains.

Soil Characteristics: Wayanad’s soils are loose and erodible, particularly in areas with steep gradients exceeding 20 degrees. When saturated, these soils lose their structural integrity, making them susceptible to landslides. The presence of large boulders and mud further complicates the stability of the slopes during heavy rains.

Soil piping: Previous landslides in the region, such as the 2019 Puthumala event, created conditions for soil piping, where voids form in the subsurface soil, increasing the risk of subsequent landslides during heavy rainfall.

Lack of Effective Land Management Policies: There is a notable absence of comprehensive land use and disaster management policies in Kerala, particularly in ecologically fragile areas. Despite previous disasters, there has been insufficient progress in implementing hazard mapping and community awareness programs to mitigate risks associated with landslides.

Thus Kerala is vulnerable to a host of issues, especially climate change (which is also eating away at the coastline). Behind the tropical paradise facade of “God’s Own Country”, there lie tremendous dangers related to excessive human exploitation, amounting to ecocide. What is the solution?

Maybe Madhav Gadgil was right, after all, and strict controls should be imposed on human activity, especially denudation of forests and quarrying. His report had included Vythiri, Mananthavady, and Sulthanbathery taluks in Wayanad as Ecologically Sensitive Zone ESZ-1, which means no change whatsoever in land use is permissible there. Chooralmala, Mundakkai, and Meppadi, where the worst of the disasters happened, are all in Vythiri taluk.

No effective disaster prevention or mitigation efforts have been put in place. The only solution is reforesting and restoring green cover, stopping construction, quarrying, and tourism, and the most contentious issue, relocating people away from the ESZ. Unfortunately, the tropical rainforest may not restore itself if simply left alone (as temperate-zone forests do), and perhaps efforts such as Miyawaki foresting with native species may need to be pursued.

It is to be hoped that we have not passed the point of no return. Kerala’s population is shrinking (Total Fertility Rate is 1.80, well below the replacement rate of 2.1 children per woman), but there is no limit to human greed.

What needs to be done

There are no magic solutions, but comprehensive climate action and improved disaster management strategies can mitigate things to an extent. Experts emphasise the importance of:

Enhanced Communication and Coordination: There is a critical need for better intergovernmental communication regarding disaster preparedness. This includes timely warnings and efficient evacuation plans to mitigate the impact of natural disasters.

Land Use Policies: Implementing stringent land use regulations is essential to prevent construction in ecologically sensitive areas. The degradation of green cover due to unregulated development has significantly increased the risk of landslides.

Early Warning Systems: Developing robust early warning systems for landslides and floods can provide crucial alerts to communities at risk. These systems should be supported by regular community education and drills to ensure residents are prepared for emergencies.

Afforestation and Environmental Conservation: Massive afforestation and reforestation drives (especially with native species) are necessary to stabilise hillsides and reduce landslide risks. Protecting and restoring natural habitats can help mitigate the effects of climate change and enhance biodiversity. Collaborating with local communities for reforestation projects can also provide economic incentives and foster a sense of stewardship.

Community Engagement: Empowering local communities to participate in disaster preparedness and environmental conservation efforts is vital. Education on risks and proactive measures can significantly reduce the impact of disasters.

Tourism Management: Overtourism can exacerbate environmental degradation. Developing a sustainable tourism strategy that limits visitor numbers, promotes eco-friendly practices, and educates tourists about environmental conservation is essential. Establishing eco-tourism zones and supporting community-based tourism initiatives can provide economic benefits while preserving the natural environment.

Regulation of Quarrying and Construction: Strict regulation and monitoring of quarrying and construction activities are necessary to prevent ecological damage. Implementing sustainable practices in these industries, such as controlled quarrying methods and responsible waste management, can mitigate their impact on the environment. Regular audits and penalties for non-compliance can enforce these regulations.

Surveillance and meteorological data collection: With modern technology like drones, continuous monitoring of the landscape is possible at a relatively low cost, and this can also be used for collecting large amounts of meteorological data to support early-warning systems. Satellite images from India’s own as well as foreign sources can be used to warn of dangerous construction, quarrying, and loss of forest cover.

Some of these are purely technical solutions, offering computerised forecasts and disaster warnings. The social and governance aspects are even more important: discipline, cooperation, and awareness on the part of the residents, and the strict enforcement of land use rules and regulations.

Dealing with powerful settlers, encroachers, and vested interests requires a delicate balance of enforcement and negotiation, carrot and stick. Government agencies, non-governmental organisations, and local communities must collaborate to develop and implement policies that address these challenges. Advocacy for stronger environmental laws and community involvement in decision-making processes can help align interests and foster cooperation.

With all these in place, it may be possible to repair the damaged hills of the Western Ghats, one of the global hotspots of biodiversity.

The writer has been a conservative columnist for over 25 years. His academic interest is innovation. Views expressed in the above piece are personal and solely those of the author. They do not necessarily reflect Firstpost’s views.

Rajeev Srinivasan is a management consultant and columnist, and a fan of art cinema. see more

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