MapMaker: Meridians and Parallels

The lines that help us describe Earth.

Geography, Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Human Geography, Physical Geography

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  • MapMaker: Major Parallels and Meridians

The prime meridian (zero degrees), today is located in Greenwich, London, United Kingdom. Greenwich has not always been the agreed-upon prime meridian . In the 18th century most European countries chose a location unique to them and built their maps off of that reference point. It was not until 1884, when 22 countries met in Washington, D.C., United States, and voted the Greenwich meridian as the international standard.

Other key points of latitude are the Tropic of Cancer (23°27’ N), Tropic of Capricorn (23°27’ S), the Arctic Circle (66°30’ N), and the Antarctic Circle (66°30’ S). The Tropic of Cancer located in the Northern Hemisphere is the point on Earth that receives the most direct sunlight around June 21st as the North Pole tilts toward the sun. This latitude is mirrored by the Tropic of Capricorn in the Southern Hemisphere and receives the most direct sunlight around December 21st when the South Pole is tilted toward the sun. The Arctic Circle, which surrounds the North Pole, marks the point where the sun does not set around June 21st or rise around December 21st. Likewise, the Antarctic Circle, near the South Pole, is the location where the sun does not set around December 21st or rise around June 21st.

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October 19, 2023

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Latitude and Longitude and Important Parallels and Meridians – UPSC World Geography Notes

The Earth is like a big ball, and because it spins on its axis, it kind of swells near the middle, which we call the Equator . Because of this shape, finding specific places on Earth can be a bit tricky. To help with that, we use imaginary lines called Latitude and Longitude . These lines help us pinpoint locations and measure distances on Earth’s surface. 

Latitude lines go from east to west, while Longitude lines run from north to south. Together, they create a grid system to locate any spot on the Earth.

Table of Contents

  • The lines of Latitude are like circles that go around the Earth. They start at the Equator, which is 0 degrees, and go all the way up to 90 degrees at the North Pole and 90 degrees at the South Pole.
  • If we draw these lines at intervals of 1 degree, we’ll have 89 lines in each hemisphere, adding up to 179 lines in total . These lines run east to west and connect all points on Earth.
  • The distance between two of these latitude lines is about 111 kilometres . So, all the lines of latitude are like a bunch of parallel hoops that go around the Earth, with the Equator as the starting point.

LATITUDES

  • Longitude is a way to measure distance on Earth, and it’s measured in degrees. You can think of it as lines that run from the North Pole to the South Pole, passing through the Equator. These lines are often called meridians.
  • Unlike the Equator, which is right in the middle between the poles, any of these meridians could have been chosen as the starting point for measuring longitude. 
  • But in 1884 , countries around the world agreed to use the one that goes through the Royal Astronomical Observatory in Greenwich, near London . This is called the Prime Meridian (0°) , and all other meridians are measured east or west from it, up to 180°.
  • As you move from the Equator to the poles, the lines of latitude get shorter, and the lines of longitude come closer together, meeting at the poles.
  • One really important job of these longitude lines is to help us figure out what time it is in different places. They’re used to calculate local time in relation to Greenwich Mean Time (G.M.T.), which is often called World Time.

LONGITUDES

IMPORTANT PARALLELS OF LATITUDE

  • Apart from the Equator (0°), the North Pole (90°N), and the South Pole (90°S), there are four significant lines of latitude:
  • Tropic of Cancer (23½° N) : This line is in the northern hemisphere, and it’s located at 23.5 degrees north of the Equator.
  • Tropic of Capricorn (23½° S): This line is in the southern hemisphere, and it’s situated at 23.5 degrees south of the Equator.
  • Arctic Circle (66½° N) : This circle is approximately 66.5 degrees north of the Equator and is found in the northern hemisphere.
  • Antarctic Circle (66½° S) : The Antarctic Circle is situated around 66.5 degrees south of the Equator and is located in the southern hemisphere.
  • These lines of latitude are essential for understanding and locating specific regions on Earth and for identifying the positions of the Tropics and the polar regions.

PARALLELS OF LATITUDE

IMPORTANT MERIDIANS OF LONGITUDE

  • The Prime Meridian is the line of longitude that serves as the starting point for measuring longitude. It’s assigned a value of 0 degrees, and all other lines of longitude are measured east or west from this point. The Prime Meridian that’s most widely used today passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, near London, England.
  • T he International Date Line is an imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole, primarily along the 180th meridian of longitude. It’s the line that separates one calendar day from the next. When you cross the International Date Line from west to east, you lose a day, and when you cross it from east to west, you gain a day. It’s used to account for differences in time as you travel around the world.

IMPORTANT MERIDIANS OF LONGITUDE

FAQs related to Latitude and Longitude

1- what is the purpose of latitude and longitude lines .

Latitude and longitude lines help us pinpoint locations on Earth’s surface and measure distances accurately. They create a grid system to locate any spot on Earth.

2-How many latitude lines are there in each hemisphere?

 If drawn at 1-degree intervals, there are 89 latitude lines in each hemisphere, totaling 179 lines.

3-What is the distance between two latitude lines? 

The distance between two latitude lines is approximately 111 kilometers.

4-What is the Prime Meridian, and why is it significant? 

The Prime Meridian is the line of longitude that serves as the starting point for measuring longitude. It has a value of 0 degrees, and all other lines of longitude are measured east or west from this point. The Prime Meridian passing through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, England, is the one most widely used today.

5-What is the International Date Line, and what is its purpose?

The International Date Line is an imaginary line that runs from the North Pole to the South Pole along the 180th meridian of longitude. It separates one calendar day from the next. Crossing it from west to east results in losing a day, and crossing it from east to west means gaining a day. It helps account for time differences as you travel around the world.

6-What are the significant parallels of latitude on Earth?

Besides the Equator (0°), the North Pole (90°N), and the South Pole (90°S), there are four important lines of latitude: the Tropic of Cancer (23½° N), the Tropic of Capricorn (23½° S), the Arctic Circle (66½° N), and the Antarctic Circle (66½° S). These lines mark the positions of the Tropics and polar regions.

7-How do latitude and longitude lines affect time measurement?

 Longitude lines help us calculate local time in relation to Greenwich Mean Time (G.M.T.), which is often referred to as World Time. This is crucial for determining time differences between various locations on Earth.

8-Why was the Prime Meridian located in Greenwich, near London? 

In 1884, countries worldwide reached an agreement to use the Prime Meridian that passes through the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, near London, as the starting point for measuring longitude. This choice aimed to standardise measurements and timekeeping internationally.

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Parallels vs. Meridians: What's the Difference?

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Key Differences

Comparison chart, measurement, primary use, historical significance, parallels and meridians definitions, can parallels and meridians intersect, how do parallels affect climate, do meridians have different widths, what is the significance of the equator, what are meridians, why are meridians important for timekeeping, what are parallels, how are parallels numbered, is the prime meridian fixed, do parallels change over time, what's the difference between the arctic circle and the tropic of cancer, do meridians have any cultural significance, how do parallels aid in navigation, how do parallels relate to time zones, can meridians help in determining local time, are there any parallels at the poles, are there famous meridians besides the prime meridian, what is the role of meridians in gps, is the prime meridian the only zero-degree meridian, are parallels used in modern technology.

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Difference between Parallels and Meridians

Difference-between-Parallels-and-Meridians

Parallels are imaginary circular lines perpendicular to the Earth’s axis, and their reference is the zero parallel, or equator. They are used to determine latitude, which is the angular distance between the equator and any point on the planet.

What is the Difference between Parallels and Meridians

Meridians are semi-circular imaginary lines that pass through the North and South poles. They are used to measure the longitude of a point on Earth, relative to the meridian 0, or Greenwich meridian. Let’s check below what is the difference between Parallels and Meridians.

What are the Parallels

Parallels are man-made lines, with an East-West direction. Each of these lines is numbered, from 0º, which is the equator or equatorial line (the only line that is a circle in strict terms, and that crosses the center of the terrestrial globe), to 90º at the North Pole and the South Pole.

Main Parallels

The equator, or parallel 0º, divides the planet into two hemispheres: North and South. It is complemented by other 4 main parallels, with which a distinction is made since they correspond to a specific position of the Earth, with respect to its orbit of the Sun:

  • Arctic Circle: it is the parallel located more to the North. This parallel is the zones in which the polar night (December) and the midnight sun (June) occur in the Northern Hemisphere.
  • Tropic of Cancer: it is the northernmost parallel, characterized because it is the place where the Sun reaches its zenith, during the June solstice.
  • Tropic of Capricorn: it is the southernmost parallel in which the Sun reaches its zenith, during the December solstice.

Antarctic polar circle: it is the southernmost parallel, where the polar night (June) and the midnight sun (December) of the southern hemisphere occur.

The parallels allow determining the position to the North or to the South any point on the planet with respect to the equator, which is known as latitude.

What are the Meridians

Meridians are imaginary lines, running from the North Pole to the South Pole, so they are shaped like semicircles. They divide the Earth into two hemispheres: eastern and western.

Main Meridians

There are 360 ​​meridians: 180 to the west and 180 to the east of the zero meridians. The main ones are:

  • Greenwich Meridian: it is named after the contributions of the Greenwich Observatory in London. Furthermore, said parallel “passes” through the location of said observatory. It is also known as the 0 meridian.
  • Antemeridian: so called because it opposes the Greenwich meridian, forming an angle of 180 degrees with respect to the 0º meridian. It is also known as the 180th meridian.

Since 1884, the 0º meridian has been used to establish the world time zones. From it, and towards the East, the hour increases, and towards the West, it decreases.

For its part, the antemeridian is the reference point for the international date change line.

The distance of any point on the planet with respect to the 0º meridian, either east or west, is known as longitude.

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Difference between parallel and meridian

Parallels are lines of latitude that run parallel to the equator, forming circles around the Earth. They measure the distance north or south of the equator and are crucial for mapping locations horizontally.

On the other hand, meridians are lines of longitude that converge at the poles, helping to determine a location’s east or west position. Meridians intersect at the poles and run vertically, connecting the North Pole to the South Pole.

What is Parallel?

Parallels, also known as lines of latitude, encircle the Earth horizontally, running parallel to the equator.

They play a vital role in determining a location’s north-south position, with the equator serving as the reference point at 0 degrees latitude.

As one moves north or south from the equator, the latitude increases, reaching a maximum of 90 degrees at the poles. Parallels are evenly spaced, and each parallel represents a circle around the Earth.

What is Meridian?

Meridians, or lines of longitude, run from the North Pole to the South Pole, intersecting at the poles.

The Prime Meridian, located at 0 degrees longitude, serves as the reference point for measuring the east-west position of locations.

Longitude is measured in degrees, with 180 degrees east and 180 degrees west meeting at the International Date Line.

Unlike parallels, meridians are not evenly spaced, converging at the poles and becoming closer together as they approach the poles.

In summary, the distinction between parallels and meridians lies in their orientation, measurement, and role within the geographic coordinate system.

Parallels run horizontally, measuring north-south positions, while meridians run vertically, determining east-west positions.

Understanding the characteristics of parallels and meridians is fundamental for accurate mapping and navigation, providing a comprehensive framework for pinpointing locations across the globe.

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Ticket prices for the Trans-Siberian Railway also depend on the current ruble exchange rate.

Is the Trans-Siberian Railway expensive?

Before starting on your Trans-Siberian Railway adventure you naturally want to know what the entire trip will cost. Although this sounds like a simple question, it is pretty difficult to answer. The Trans-Siberian Railway price of travel depends on the following factors:

  • Which travel class do I want to use? The price for a first class ticket is about three times the price of a 3rd class ticket
  • Am I willing to buy the tickets myself and assume responsibility for the organisation of the trip?
  • How many stopovers do I want to make? The more breaks, the higher the total price.
  • What sort of accommodation do I want? Will it be a luxury hotel or will a hostel dormitory be sufficient?
  • What tours and excursions would I like to go on?
  • What is the current exchange rate for rubles?

Basically, everything from a luxury to a budget holiday is available. If you buy yourself a 3rd Class nonstop ticket at the counter, a few hundred Euros will cover the price. All you will experience is a week on the Trans-Siberian train and will see nothing of the cities on the way. There is, however, any amount of room for upward expansion. Everyone makes different choices about which aspects they are willing to spend money on. I personally prefer to save money on accommodation and railcar class, visit as many cities and do as many trips as possible. To enable better classification of your travel expenses I have contrasted two typical traveler types. In the third column you can calculate the total cost of your own journey on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Please keep in mind that these are only rough estimations and not exact prices.

The all-in costs seem fairly high at first. However, they cover everything and it is quite a long journey taking four weeks. Many people forget to consider that when looking at the list. We should also deduct the running costs for food and leisure at home. I think most visitors to this page will classify themselves somewhere between the two categories, that is around the € 2,000 – € 2,500 range. When comparing these prices with other travel packages, you get the impression that it is hardly worthwhile travelling individually on the Trans-Siberian Railway. Please keep in mind that most packages last no more than 14 days and you are herded like cattle through the most beautiful locations.

If you spend less time on the Trans-Siberian Railway you will, of course, pay less. I chose this particular travel length because I prefer not to do things by halves. If you fulfill your dream of travelling on the Trans-Siberian Railway, enjoy it and don’t rush things. But it’s up to you, of course. Try playing around with the form a bit to find the appropriate price for your trip.

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40 facts about elektrostal.

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Elektrostal is a vibrant city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia. With a rich history, stunning architecture, and a thriving community, Elektrostal is a city that has much to offer. Whether you are a history buff, nature enthusiast, or simply curious about different cultures, Elektrostal is sure to captivate you.

This article will provide you with 40 fascinating facts about Elektrostal, giving you a better understanding of why this city is worth exploring. From its origins as an industrial hub to its modern-day charm, we will delve into the various aspects that make Elektrostal a unique and must-visit destination.

So, join us as we uncover the hidden treasures of Elektrostal and discover what makes this city a true gem in the heart of Russia.

Key Takeaways:

  • Elektrostal, known as the “Motor City of Russia,” is a vibrant and growing city with a rich industrial history, offering diverse cultural experiences and a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.
  • With its convenient location near Moscow, Elektrostal provides a picturesque landscape, vibrant nightlife, and a range of recreational activities, making it an ideal destination for residents and visitors alike.

Known as the “Motor City of Russia.”

Elektrostal, a city located in the Moscow Oblast region of Russia, earned the nickname “Motor City” due to its significant involvement in the automotive industry.

Home to the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Elektrostal is renowned for its metallurgical plant, which has been producing high-quality steel and alloys since its establishment in 1916.

Boasts a rich industrial heritage.

Elektrostal has a long history of industrial development, contributing to the growth and progress of the region.

Founded in 1916.

The city of Elektrostal was founded in 1916 as a result of the construction of the Elektrostal Metallurgical Plant.

Located approximately 50 kilometers east of Moscow.

Elektrostal is situated in close proximity to the Russian capital, making it easily accessible for both residents and visitors.

Known for its vibrant cultural scene.

Elektrostal is home to several cultural institutions, including museums, theaters, and art galleries that showcase the city’s rich artistic heritage.

A popular destination for nature lovers.

Surrounded by picturesque landscapes and forests, Elektrostal offers ample opportunities for outdoor activities such as hiking, camping, and birdwatching.

Hosts the annual Elektrostal City Day celebrations.

Every year, Elektrostal organizes festive events and activities to celebrate its founding, bringing together residents and visitors in a spirit of unity and joy.

Has a population of approximately 160,000 people.

Elektrostal is home to a diverse and vibrant community of around 160,000 residents, contributing to its dynamic atmosphere.

Boasts excellent education facilities.

The city is known for its well-established educational institutions, providing quality education to students of all ages.

A center for scientific research and innovation.

Elektrostal serves as an important hub for scientific research, particularly in the fields of metallurgy, materials science, and engineering.

Surrounded by picturesque lakes.

The city is blessed with numerous beautiful lakes, offering scenic views and recreational opportunities for locals and visitors alike.

Well-connected transportation system.

Elektrostal benefits from an efficient transportation network, including highways, railways, and public transportation options, ensuring convenient travel within and beyond the city.

Famous for its traditional Russian cuisine.

Food enthusiasts can indulge in authentic Russian dishes at numerous restaurants and cafes scattered throughout Elektrostal.

Home to notable architectural landmarks.

Elektrostal boasts impressive architecture, including the Church of the Transfiguration of the Lord and the Elektrostal Palace of Culture.

Offers a wide range of recreational facilities.

Residents and visitors can enjoy various recreational activities, such as sports complexes, swimming pools, and fitness centers, enhancing the overall quality of life.

Provides a high standard of healthcare.

Elektrostal is equipped with modern medical facilities, ensuring residents have access to quality healthcare services.

Home to the Elektrostal History Museum.

The Elektrostal History Museum showcases the city’s fascinating past through exhibitions and displays.

A hub for sports enthusiasts.

Elektrostal is passionate about sports, with numerous stadiums, arenas, and sports clubs offering opportunities for athletes and spectators.

Celebrates diverse cultural festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal hosts a variety of cultural festivals, celebrating different ethnicities, traditions, and art forms.

Electric power played a significant role in its early development.

Elektrostal owes its name and initial growth to the establishment of electric power stations and the utilization of electricity in the industrial sector.

Boasts a thriving economy.

The city’s strong industrial base, coupled with its strategic location near Moscow, has contributed to Elektrostal’s prosperous economic status.

Houses the Elektrostal Drama Theater.

The Elektrostal Drama Theater is a cultural centerpiece, attracting theater enthusiasts from far and wide.

Popular destination for winter sports.

Elektrostal’s proximity to ski resorts and winter sport facilities makes it a favorite destination for skiing, snowboarding, and other winter activities.

Promotes environmental sustainability.

Elektrostal prioritizes environmental protection and sustainability, implementing initiatives to reduce pollution and preserve natural resources.

Home to renowned educational institutions.

Elektrostal is known for its prestigious schools and universities, offering a wide range of academic programs to students.

Committed to cultural preservation.

The city values its cultural heritage and takes active steps to preserve and promote traditional customs, crafts, and arts.

Hosts an annual International Film Festival.

The Elektrostal International Film Festival attracts filmmakers and cinema enthusiasts from around the world, showcasing a diverse range of films.

Encourages entrepreneurship and innovation.

Elektrostal supports aspiring entrepreneurs and fosters a culture of innovation, providing opportunities for startups and business development.

Offers a range of housing options.

Elektrostal provides diverse housing options, including apartments, houses, and residential complexes, catering to different lifestyles and budgets.

Home to notable sports teams.

Elektrostal is proud of its sports legacy, with several successful sports teams competing at regional and national levels.

Boasts a vibrant nightlife scene.

Residents and visitors can enjoy a lively nightlife in Elektrostal, with numerous bars, clubs, and entertainment venues.

Promotes cultural exchange and international relations.

Elektrostal actively engages in international partnerships, cultural exchanges, and diplomatic collaborations to foster global connections.

Surrounded by beautiful nature reserves.

Nearby nature reserves, such as the Barybino Forest and Luchinskoye Lake, offer opportunities for nature enthusiasts to explore and appreciate the region’s biodiversity.

Commemorates historical events.

The city pays tribute to significant historical events through memorials, monuments, and exhibitions, ensuring the preservation of collective memory.

Promotes sports and youth development.

Elektrostal invests in sports infrastructure and programs to encourage youth participation, health, and physical fitness.

Hosts annual cultural and artistic festivals.

Throughout the year, Elektrostal celebrates its cultural diversity through festivals dedicated to music, dance, art, and theater.

Provides a picturesque landscape for photography enthusiasts.

The city’s scenic beauty, architectural landmarks, and natural surroundings make it a paradise for photographers.

Connects to Moscow via a direct train line.

The convenient train connection between Elektrostal and Moscow makes commuting between the two cities effortless.

A city with a bright future.

Elektrostal continues to grow and develop, aiming to become a model city in terms of infrastructure, sustainability, and quality of life for its residents.

In conclusion, Elektrostal is a fascinating city with a rich history and a vibrant present. From its origins as a center of steel production to its modern-day status as a hub for education and industry, Elektrostal has plenty to offer both residents and visitors. With its beautiful parks, cultural attractions, and proximity to Moscow, there is no shortage of things to see and do in this dynamic city. Whether you’re interested in exploring its historical landmarks, enjoying outdoor activities, or immersing yourself in the local culture, Elektrostal has something for everyone. So, next time you find yourself in the Moscow region, don’t miss the opportunity to discover the hidden gems of Elektrostal.

Q: What is the population of Elektrostal?

A: As of the latest data, the population of Elektrostal is approximately XXXX.

Q: How far is Elektrostal from Moscow?

A: Elektrostal is located approximately XX kilometers away from Moscow.

Q: Are there any famous landmarks in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to several notable landmarks, including XXXX and XXXX.

Q: What industries are prominent in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal is known for its steel production industry and is also a center for engineering and manufacturing.

Q: Are there any universities or educational institutions in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal is home to XXXX University and several other educational institutions.

Q: What are some popular outdoor activities in Elektrostal?

A: Elektrostal offers several outdoor activities, such as hiking, cycling, and picnicking in its beautiful parks.

Q: Is Elektrostal well-connected in terms of transportation?

A: Yes, Elektrostal has good transportation links, including trains and buses, making it easily accessible from nearby cities.

Q: Are there any annual events or festivals in Elektrostal?

A: Yes, Elektrostal hosts various events and festivals throughout the year, including XXXX and XXXX.

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